Why Do Turks Have Hooked Noises

Hooked noses are a product of evolution and adaptation to the local environment. The high lump on the nose is supposed to warm up the air with close proximity to the body before it's inhaled and taken into the lungs. You can find hooked noses in European populations as well. It doesn't make since for middle Easterns to have hooked noses so there must be another reason for it. While some have ascribed the aquiline nose to specific ethnic, racial, or geographic groups, and in some cases associated it with other supposed non-physical characteristics (e.g., intelligence, status, personality, etc., see below), no scientific studies or evidence support any such linkage.

The normal operation of your refrigerator will cause some sound. The following list contains sounds that are normal.

• A Chirping/barking/woof/howl sound can sometimes be heard as the damper door opens/closes.
• A change in fan speed as the refrigerator responds to changes in temperature due to door opening.
• A clicking/tic tock noise can be heard when the defrost timer switches on and off.
• A click can be heard when the temperature control unit turns the unit on and off.
• A boiling, gurgling, or knocking sound can be heard when the unit is running. This is caused by the circulation of refrigerant.
• Gurgling sound in the door. This sound can be heard just after the door is closed because of the water in drain tube trap area. It can last several seconds.
• A drip may be heard when defrost water is dripping into the pan beneath the refrigerator.
• The icemaker will make a loud noise when cubes are dropped into the bucket.
• A hum or click can be heard when the icemaker fills with water. This sound may be heard once or multiple times.
• A cracking or popping sound can be heard when evaporator coils on Top Mount No Frost models are cooling after defrost.
• Buzzing noises can be heard during and after getting water from the door dispenser. The noise should not last longer than 7 seconds after you stop dispensing.
• Buzzing noise not related to dispensing water (above), The icemaker will make a buzzing sound when it's trying to fill with water. If the buzzing noise can be heard approximately every 15 minutes, check and make sure the water is turned on to the icemaker.
• A snapping sound will be heard about 4 seconds after removing a glass from a dispenser. This is the sound of the dispenser chute closing.
• A clicking noise may be heard after a power shortage. This stems from the compressor trying to re-start itself. The noise could last for 3 to 5 minutes.
• A hissing, sizzling, buzzing, or arching noise may be heard on self-defrost models. This is produced when water drips on defrost heaters.
• On new refrigerators it is not unusual for the door to whistle or squeak. This occurs because the gasket (rubber material around inner perimeter of the door) is sealing very tightly. This noise will stop in a few days once the gasket becomes more pliable.
• Water lines supplying the refrigerator may make a loud bang due to a condition called 'water hammer'. Water hammer is a knocking or banging noise in a water line that occurs when the water valve opens and closes. This is caused by high water pressure from the house going into the refrigerator.
• A rattle or vibration noise will be heard if the icemaker is on but water is not supplied to it. It is recommended that when the unit is not hooked up to water that the icemaker is turned off.
• Refrigerators with the Keurig速 K-Cup Brewing System can make various noises and sounds related to the Keurig and Hot Water system. Keurig速 Brewing System Sounds
• For additional troubleshooting, see: Refrigerator Noisy Operation

For unusual noises on older refrigerators: Refrigerator Unusual Noises

To view a short video about normal bottom freezer refrigerator sounds:

To view a short video about normal top freezer refrigerator sounds:

Any other sounds may require a service technician for diagnosis. For service, please schedule an appointment with GE Appliances Factory Service.

THE NOSE KNOWS: Nose shapes in human ancestors and different populations of modern humans are molded by genes and the environment.COURTESY OF KAUSTUBH ADHIKARI

Narrow, flat, hooked, button, straight, or none of the above, the human nose comes in myriad shapes and sizes. But no matter how noses look, they all share at least one common function: to warm and humidify air on its way to the lungs. Like a wind tunnel, the nasal passages cause turbulence in inspired air, allowing it to touch the inner walls of the nose and draw moisture and heat from our mucosa and blood vessels.

The shape of the human nose has been sculpted in part by climate. “A lot of it depends on the environment that your ancestors grew up in,” says Lauren Butaric, a biological anthropologist at Des Moines University. “What you see in the cartilaginous structure, which matches up with the internal structure, is that individuals from cold, dry environments tend to have tall and narrow nasal cavities.” In the wide noses often seen in individuals with tropical ancestry, Butaric adds, the air flow is much smoother, traveling straight back with less warming and humidification.

Butaric and her colleagues recently determined that in Alaskan Inuit and Siberian Buryat populations, a longer, narrower nasal cavity is associated with large maxillary sinuses, and in sub-Saharan African populations, the wider nasal cavity is accompanied by smaller maxillary sinuses (Am J Phys Anthropol, 160:483-97, 2016). The sinuses function as a sort of “buffer” to accommodate changes in the nasal cavity and other structures of the face, Butaric’s team concluded, both during an individual’s development and over evolutionary time.

The relationship between sinus and nasal cavity shape has historically created a paradox for anthropologists when it comes to archaic human species. “The sexy topic is Neanderthals,” says Butaric. Many scientists have assumed these ancient populations were more adapted to cold weather than Homo sapiens are, even those H. sapiens at high latitudes, because the Neanderthals were associated with colder and drier conditions during Earth’s glacial periods. Accordingly, a typical Neanderthal’s sinuses were thought to be larger than a modern-day human’s would be if the human was otherwise a similar size. However, instead of a long, narrow external nose structure, the Neanderthal face most likely had a relatively wide nose, judging from bone morphology.

“[Neanderthals] look like they should be adapted to being in warm and wet environments, not cold, dry ones,” says Todd Rae, an anthropologist at the University of Roehampton in the U.K. Delving into the internal facial structures, Rae and colleagues used CT scans to compare Neanderthal skulls to H. sapiens fossils from Lithuanian archaeological sites, testing the assumption that the Neanderthal sinuses were relatively larger. Their data showed that the Neanderthal sinuses were not, in fact, any larger than a human’s would be if the entire skull was scaled to the same size.

“That suggested to us that [Neanderthals were] not especially cold-adapted,” says Rae. Expanding this reasoning to the external nose, Rae hypothesized that the wide-nosed Neanderthal face wasn’t an adaptation to the cold at all, but was driven by some other underlying factor (J Hum Evol, 60:234-39, 2011).

Butaric suggests that the Neanderthals, with larger bodies and more muscle mass, might have needed larger noses to inhale appropriate amounts of oxygen, regardless of where they lived. In modern humans, males generally have larger noses and nasal passages than females do, which may be due to a higher oxygen demand (Am J Phys Anthropol, 160:52-61, 2016). Another possible explanation, Rae proposes, is that the Neanderthals may have simply avoided the extremely cold areas during times that would have provided enough selection pressure to mold their noses into a narrow shape.

In human evolution, weather isn’t everything, either. We’ve mostly shaped the world around us to avoid the selection pressure of extremely cold environments. Work on cranial morphology suggests that much of the skull variation in today’s human populations is explainable more by distance from Africa than by adaptation to the local environment (Am J Phys Anthropol, 141:76-82, 2010). “We think it might just be drift—that simply the further you get, the more a population will start to develop differences from copying errors in DNA,” says Rae. “You’re going to get the narrow nose in places where it’s really cold, but [also] where it’s relatively temperate; the differences are literally random.”

Although these nasal differences in temperate zones may not be driven by environmental variables, geographically related traits are still evident. “There is wide variation across continents, and that sort of tells you that there are underlying genetic reasons,” says Kaustubh Adhikari, a population geneticist at University College London. Adhikari and his colleagues recently published a paper exploring the genetic variations associated with differences in external nose shape (Nat Commun, 7:11616, 2016).

Earlier studies had uncovered a few genes that play a role in sculpting our noses, but much of the work was done in homogeneous European or North American populations with small morphological differences. Adhikari’s team, however, collected genetic samples and facial photographs from a cohort of more than 6,000 Latin Americans across five countries. “Latin America is a genetic melting pot,” explains Adhikari. “You have the Native Americans, who are close to East Asians; you have Europeans, and you have Africans—and you have all of these just on one continent. Timextender odx server. And the admixture is very recent.”

Adhikari and his colleagues detected five genes that controlled some aspect of nose structure. All five genes affect bone or cartilage differentiation and cranio-facial development, and three have previously been identified as differing between modern humans and extinct species such as Neanderthals and Denisovans—both of which had slightly different nose shapes than H. sapiens. “It’s not the complete story,” says Adhikari, “but it’s a little piece of it.”